Homeschooling - Wikipedia. Homeschooling, also known as home education, is the education of children inside the home. Home education is usually conducted by a parent or tutor. In other countries homeschooling is considered illegal or restricted to specific conditions, as noted in the Homeschooling international status and statistics. According to the US National Household Education Surveys, about three percent of all children in the US were homeschooled in the 2. And as of 2. 01. 6, there are about 2. United States (Brian, 2. Parents' dissatisfaction with available schools includes concerns about the school environment, the quality of academic instruction, the curriculum, and bullying as well as lack of faith in the school's ability to cater to their child's special needs. Some parents homeschool in order to have greater control over what and how their children are taught, to better cater for children's individual aptitudes and abilities adequately, to provide a specific religious or moral instruction, and to take advantage of the efficiency of one- to- one instruction, which allows the child to spend more time on childhood activities, socializing, and non- academic learning. Many parents are also influenced by alternative educational philosophies espoused by the likes of Susan Sutherland Isaacs, Charlotte Mason, John Holt, and Sir Kenneth Robinson, among others. Homeschooling may also be a factor in the choice of parenting style. California Homeschooling Requirements. Homeschooling is legal in California, but you have to follow the law. Parents who choose to teach their children at home must follow state requirements for private schools.Support groups offer a way for those interested in homeschooling or new to home education to get information and support. They also offer opportunities for social activities, group learning, and networking. Homeschooling is legal in many countries. Countries with the most prevalent home education movements include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Some countries have highly regulated home. The notice shall be in writing, signed by the. Map Provided For Your Reference. All groups are listed from North to South, West to East with statewide programs first. Homeschool Umbrella Service Area/Location: Statewide All Faiths Welcome. Homeschool Umbrella helps. Homeschooling can be an option for families living in isolated rural locations, for those temporarily abroad, and for those who travel frequently. Many young athletes, actors, and musicians are taught at home to better accommodate their training and practice schedules. Homeschooling can be about mentorship and apprenticeship, in which a tutor or teacher is with the child for many years and gets to know the child very well. Recently, homeschooling has increased in popularity in the United States, and the percentage of children ages 5 through 1. The term may also refer to instruction in the home under the supervision of correspondence schools or umbrella schools. In some places, an approved curriculum is legally required if children are homeschooled. The term emphasizes the more spontaneous, less structured learning environment where a child's interests drive their pursuit of knowledge. Thus, until relatively recently, the vast majority of people, especially during early childhood, were educated by family members, family friends, or anyone with useful knowledge. In the middle colonies, the educational situation varied when comparing New York with New England . Native Americans, who traditionally used homeschooling and apprenticeship, vigorously resisted compulsory education in the United States. Rushdoony was frequently called as an expert witness by the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA) in court cases. During this time, American educational professionals Raymond and Dorothy Moore began to research the academic validity of the rapidly growing Early Childhood Education movement. This research included independent studies by other researchers and a review of over 8,0. They asserted that formal schooling before ages 8. The Moores published their view that formal schooling was damaging young children academically, socially, mentally, and even physiologically. The Moores presented evidence that childhood problems such as juvenile delinquency, nearsightedness, increased enrollment of students in special education classes and behavioral problems were the result of increasingly earlier enrollment of students. They described the difference as follows: . In its conclusion, he called for a . In 1. 97. 7, after corresponding with a number of these families, Holt began producing Growing Without Schooling, a newsletter dedicated to home education. I think that the home is the proper base for the exploration of the world which we call learning or education. Home would be the best base no matter how good the schools were. They viewed home education as a natural, experiential aspect of life that occurs as the members of the family are involved with one another in daily living. Families, for a variety of reasons (parent education, finances, educational philosophies, future educational plans, where they live, past educational experiences of the child, child's interests and temperament) choose different educational methods, which represent a variety of educational philosophies and paradigms. Some of the methods or learning environments used include Classical education (including Trivium, Quadrivium), Charlotte Mason education, Montessori method, Theory of multiple intelligences, Unschooling, Radical Unschooling, Waldorf education, School- at- home (curriculum choices from both secular and religious publishers), A Thomas Jefferson Education, unit studies, curriculum made up from private or small publishers, apprenticeship, hands- on- learning, distance learning (both on- line and correspondence), dual enrollment in local schools or colleges, and curriculum provided by local schools and many others. Some of these approaches are used in private and public schools. Educational research and studies support the use of some of these methods. Unschooling, natural learning, Charlotte Mason Education, Montessori, Waldorf, apprenticeship, hands- on- learning, unit studies are supported to varying degrees by research by constructivist learning theories and situatedcognitive theories. Elements of these theories may be found in the other methods as well. A student's education may be customized to support his or her learning level, style, and interests. Many families use an eclectic approach, picking and choosing from various suppliers. For sources of curricula and books, . Unit studies are useful for teaching multiple grades simultaneously as the difficulty level can be adjusted for each student. Purchased as a grade level package or separately by subject, the package may contain all of the needed books, materials, internet access for remote testing, traditional tests, answer keys, and extensive teacher guides. These materials cover the same subject areas as do public schools, allowing for an easy transition back into the school system. These are among the more expensive options for homeschooling, but they require minimal preparation and are easy to use. Some localities provide the same materials used at local schools to homeschoolers. The purchase of a complete curriculum and their teaching/grading service from an accredited distance learning curriculum provider may allow students to obtain an accredited high school diploma. Parents see their role as that of affirming through positive feedback and modeling the necessary skills, and the child's role as being responsible for asking and learning. Holt asserted that children learn through the experiences of life, and he encouraged parents to live their lives with their child. Also known as interest- led or child- led learning, unschooling attempts to follow opportunities as they arise in real life, through which a child will learn without coercion. Children at school learn from 1 teacher and 2 auxiliary teachers in a classroom of approximately 3. Kids have the opportunity of dedicated education at home with a ratio of 1 to 1. Holt asserted that there is no specific body of knowledge that is, or should be, required of a child. They may learn animal husbandry keeping dairy goats or meat rabbits, botany tending a kitchen garden, chemistry to understand the operation of firearms or the internal combustion engine, or politics and local history by following a zoning or historical- status dispute. While any type of homeschoolers may also use these methods, the unschooled child initiates these learning activities. The natural learner participates with parents and others in learning together. Gatto argues that public education is the primary tool of . These attributes serve to aid the student in his/her independent learning. Some degree of autonomous learning is popular with those who home educate their children. In true autonomous learning the child usually gets to decide what projects they wish to tackle or what interests to pursue. In home education this can be instead of or in addition to regular subjects like doing math or English. According to Home Education UK the autonomous education philosophy emerged from the epistemology of Karl Popper in The Myth of the Framework: In Defence of Science and Rationality, which is developed in the debates, which seek to rebut the neo- Marxist social philosophy of convergence proposed by the Frankfurt School (e. Also, if one is homeschooling more than one child, the preparation time is doubled or tripled. Some believe that the amount of time spent schooling and the preparation time are some of the main disadvantages to homeschooling. Another disadvantage could be the lack of science labs and materials, because at home, one may have limited resources. This can be done with the child as a lesson in how to learn. Some believe that homeschooled children could be isolated from the outside world, eventually making them socially and educationally handicapped, however, little data suggests this is the case. Some feel that signing them up for a homeschool group (or any other group/sport/civic organization/church/club involving human interaction) will help them to make friends. Unless children are exposed to the social life found in public or private schools on a daily basis, they could lack the skills needed to successfully adapt to real- life situations when they are older. It provides an opportunity for children to learn from other parents who are more specialized in certain areas or subjects. Co- ops also provide social interaction for homeschooled children. They may take lessons together or go on field trips. Some co- ops also offer events such as prom and graduation for homeschoolers.
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Available Grants for College Students The cost of attending college has more than doubled since 1. This situation has led to many students taking out immense student loan debt, stretching their college attendance over five years or more, or even dropping out of school altogether. Fortunately, students have access to a funding source that can help them graduate from college quickly and possibly be debt- free at the end. Benefit of Student Grants. 8/16/2016: Too brief My time in Shenandoah was too brief. I didn’t get to spend the time in the park that I would have liked. It was also one of the parks that I. ClassZone Book Finder. Follow these simple steps to find online resources for your book. Liberty, Order, and Justice represents a new and unique approach to the study of American government. It is based on the premise that in order to understand. After School: Extra Curricular, School Programs, In School, and Out-of-School Programs and Activities for school aged children and youth in the Hyde. Student supervision is a key factor underpinning the success of work-integrated learning programs. Supervisory responsibilities can be shared across a number of. The ACT Test for Students. Temporary importation is understood as the entry of merchandise into the country, which will remain in it for a limited period of time and for a specific purpose, so. A student grant is essentially free money that is given to a student to help with college expenses. Grant awards range from a few hundred dollars to “full ride” packages that pay for the entire cost of an education. The majority of student grants fall between $5. For example, a few thousand dollars can: let a disadvantaged minority teenager be the first person in his family to go to college,help a single mother to return to college and get a better job,encourage bright minds to continue exploring new ideas and innovations,assist students young and old to embrace other cultures and promote peaceful international relations,help an unemployed, older student to receive job training and return to the workforce,help working adults to pursue graduate study while still being able to feed their families, andpermit ethnically, socially, economically, and financially diverse students to attend the colleges, universities, and vocational schools that they choose. Students should keep in mind that little difference exists between grants, scholarships, and fellowships. Anyone looking for financial aid should investigate all three categories. Repayment of Grants. As people become more and more conscious of their debts, they are hesitant to accept certain financial aid packages. Fortunately, student grants are not like student loans. They are essentially cash advances to pay for education. Just like credit cards, student loans tack on interest and can soon grow to an insurmountable level. On the other hand, under most circumstances, grants do not need to be repaid. Otherwise, the funds will be converted into student loans that must be repaid. Some medical school and nursing program pay for all costs of attending college in exchange for at least two years of service in disadvantaged areas or locations with a shortage of medical personnel. If a grant carries any of these stipulations, the criteria will be identified on the application document. Most organizations are upfront about these requirements because they do not want to risk non- payment later. Many financial aid administrators keep records of all the grants for which their students have applied and then pass those funding sources along to future students. In addition, many websites list thousands of grants and scholarships that are open to qualified applicants. Since some student grants receive low publicity (and low competition), students should apply for more than just the high- profile programs. Details and examples of each category are below: Federal Grants. Much of the grant money that students receive is awarded through the U. S. Federal government grants are used to encourage college attendance, increase the United States. Current programs include Pell Grants, Federal Supplemental Opportunity Grants, Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education Grants, Academic Competitiveness Grants, National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grants, and Iraq and Afghanistan Service Grants. These student grants are both need- based and merit- based. Pell Grants. Level: Undergraduate Pell Grants are a common source of funding for undergraduate students who have not yet earned their first bachelor. Department of Education, 2. Pell Grants for 2. These grants are awarded based on financial need. They take into consideration the cost of attendance, year- round or partial- year attendance, and full- time or part- time status. The current cap on Pell Grants is $5,5. July 1 . FSEOG funding is based on application date, financial need, school funding, and the school. In 2. 00. 8- 2. 00. FSEOGs had been the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, Vermont, Hawaii, and Massachusetts. Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grants. Level: Undergraduate, Post- Baccalaureate, Graduate TEACH Grants are offered to students who commit to serving as full- time teachers in high- need fields in public/private elementary or secondary schools that serve low- income students. Example of high- need fields include mathematics, science, reading specialists, foreign languages, bilingual education, English language acquisition, and special education. Within eight years of graduation, grant recipients must teach for at least four academic years. If these stipulations are not met, the grants will be retroactively converted to Unsubsidized Stafford Loans, interest will accumulate, and students will be responsible for repaying the money. Department of Education. For more details on what the federal government considers to be a high- need field or a school serving low- income students, review the TEACH Grant program profile. Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG). Level: Undergraduate Awarded to students who have graduated from rigorous high school programs, the Academic Competitiveness Grants are set at $7. Department of Education. To be eligible for SMART Grants, students must major in one of these areas and maintain at least a 3. GPA. SMART Grants are available during the third and fourth years of undergraduate study, with a limit of $4,0. Iraq and Afghanistan Service Grant. Level: Undergraduate The Iraq and Afghanistan Service Grant is offered to students who do not meet the requirements for the Pell Grant but whose parent or guardian died as a result of U. S. Armed Forces service performed after September 1. Iraq or Afghanistan. Students must be younger than 2. The Iraq and Afghanistan Service Grant is capped at the Pell Grant limit. Applying for Federal Grants. Students who are interested in applying for federal grants must complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). To receive federal aid, each student must meet all of the following criteria: be a U. S. For the best financial aid opportunities, students should complete the FAFSA with estimated or actual income tax return numbers each January before the next academic year starts in July. Most grant programs require the FAFSA to be completed annually for renewal purposes. The FAFSA must be completed for every academic year that grants, loans, and other financial aid awards are being requested. To speed up the application process, have the following details nearby: Social Security Number. Driver. State Grants. Several states offer student grants under various conditions, such as attending a college or university in the state, being a resident of the state, and/or gaining education with the purpose of serving one of the state. In the same way, the Tuition Equalization Grant Program helps students go to private, non- profit colleges and universities in Texas. The New York State Tuition Assistance Program (TAP) awards grants of up to $5,0. New York residents studying full- time at approved schools. For instance, the Child Development Grant Program awards an annual need- based grant to students pursuing a Child Development Permit. For each year the grant is accepted, students must work full- time for at least one year in a licensed children. A link to each state. In addition, various external organizations help pay for students to attend a particular college or a specific classification of college, such as a law school grants, teaching grants, nursing grants, medical school grants, cosmetology grants, and trade school grants. Some programs require the college to be accredited by a certain body; others are open to any accreditation. Most colleges and universities automatically check if students have submitted FAFSA records to their institution before calculating the financial aid packages. Students who have completed the FAFSA should see federal, state, and college grants listed on their financial aid award letters. They should also meet with their academic departments, as some academic departments award grants that are not available to the university community as a whole. Students should be aware that college grants may have different application deadlines than federal or state grants. The instructions for each grant will identify whether the Need Access form must be completed. Private Grants. Numerous private entities recognize the importance of higher education. One example is Educational Employees Credit Union in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California, which pays for some of its student members to attend U. S.- based community colleges, universities, and vocational schools. Another example is the GE Foundation and its STAR Awards program, which gives up to $3,5. GE employees and retirees. Baptist Memorial Health Care in Tennessee uses its student grants to pay for up to four years of tuition for qualified nursing and allied health students. The Hopi Indian Nation offers the Hopi Education Award of up to $2,5. Hopi member students who are pursuing AA, BS, BA, Doctoral, or Professional degrees from qualified colleges or universities. The Geological Society of America gives grants to members who are conducting masters- level or doctoral- level research in a geologic earth science degree program at an American, Canadian, Mexican, or Central American university. The Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation supplies up to $3. These student grants are competitive; approximately 1. Details about becoming a Truman Scholar are available here. Types of Grants. Some people are under the misconception that they are not qualified for grants because they or their parents “make too much.” Other students believe that grants are out of their league because they are not academic superstars. Pakistani English - Wikipedia. This article is about the dialect of the English language. For English people of Pakistani descent, see British Pakistanis. Pakistani English or Paklish is the group of English language varieties spoken and written in Pakistan. Approximately 4. 9% of the Pakistani population is able to communicate at an intermediate level of English or higher. As a result, English had less time to become part of local culture though it did become part of elitist culture as it was used in elite schools and in higher education, as in the rest of British India. English urdu language comparison 1. English Urdu Language Comparison<br />William Hall<br /> ESL 502<br /> 2. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan, and is also an accepted language in. Together with Urdu, the two languages are concurrently the official languages of the country. English language continues as the language of power and is also the language with the maximum cultural capital of any language used in Pakistan. Download English, Urdu Books,Novels, Stories,horror,books and much more. There are between 60 and 70 million native speakers of Urdu: there were 52 million in India per the 2001 census, some 5% of the population; approximately 10 million in Pakistan or 7.57% per the 1998 census; and several hundred. Pakistani English or Paklish is the group of English language varieties spoken and written in Pakistan. It was first so recognised and designated in the 1970s and 1980s. Pakistani English (PE) is slightly different in respect. You may Like below Posts: English Spoken Course For Beginners; Spoken English grammar eBook free; Useful English conversation phrases and expressions for daily use; English Conversation Ebook Free (self study material for. You may Like below Posts: Spoken English grammar eBook free; English Spoken Course in Urdu and Hindi pdf; Spoken English Course In Urdu; Spoken English Dialogues ( Daily Used English Sentences ebook) Learn English Faster. Is the largest collection of free Urdu Sindhi English and Islamic Pdf Books Urdu Novels Read Online and Download. An English Tenses Book with Urdu Free download or read online Pdf copy book of 'English Tenses' written By M.Tariq Qureshi. Tenses are very important not only for students but also for general readers. This book teaches you.Rahman argues that PE is an interference variety of English created by the use of the features of Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and other languages spoken in Pakistan. He further divides PE into Anglicised English, which is very similar to the speech and writing of the speakers of British Standard English (BSE), acrolect PE, which is used by Pakistanis educated in English- medium schools, mesolectal PE, which is used by ordinary, Urdu- educated Pakistanis and basilect PE, which is used by people of little formal education, such as guides and waiters. However, like Indian English, Pakistani English has preserved many phrases that are now considered antiquated in Britain. But all government documents, street signs, many shop signs, business contracts and other activities use English. The language of the courts is also English. Although there are also many Pakistani medium local schools, either with an emphasis of English as a second language or bilingually medium Pakistani Urdu which are all taught in both Pakistani Urdu and English on across all subjects and courses especially in standardised tests. All of Pakistan's major dailies are published in or have an edition in English, while DAWN News was a major English Language News Channel, before 1. May 2. 01. 0 when it switched to its language to Urdu, Express 2. English news channel, now defunct. Code- switching (the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation) is common in Pakistan and almost all conversations in whatever language have a significant English component. The language of pleading in all courts of Pakistan is also English. The tutorial language in all universities is English and also bilingually (both Urdu and English together and sometimes both of medium of instructions are mixed and combined due to the importance of bilingualism )Literature. While Pakistani speakers of English use idioms peculiar to their homeland (often literal translations of words and phrases from their native languages), this is far less common in proficient speakers, and grammar tends to be quite close to that of Standard English but exhibiting some features of American English. Phonology. It may be rhotic or non- rhotic. Rahman provides a broad introduction to the phonology of Pakistani English. Many words or terms from Urdu, such as 'cummerbund', have entered the global language and are also found in Pakistan. In addition the area which is now Pakistan was home to the largest garrisons of the British Indian Army (such as Rawalpindi and Peshawar) and this, combined with the post- partition influence of the Pakistan Military, has ensured that many military terms have entered the local jargon. The heavy influence and penetration of American culture through television, films and other media has brought in great influences of American English. Vocabulary and colloquialisms. Usually used for a sudden outburst, one which is construed as unreasonable. Got no lift. Usually (though not always) in the context of starting something for the first time. For example, I have been hired by the company, on parade from next Monday. Out of station. Often in the context that a person is out of his/her depth. For example, no wonder that team has failed so badly, leader was a direct Sergeant. Also used for upwardly mobile, ambitious or nouveau riche. Miss is used to address or refer to female teachers, whatever their marital status, e. Yes, I have done my homework, Miss. Less commonly used to refer to women colleagues or subordinates. Madam is used to address and refer to females in positions of authority, usually a superior, e. I well left that offer, it could have caused many problems. Threw/received a googly. From googly, a delivery in cricket. Yorker. My mother's heart attack while we were hiking in the mountains hit like a yorker, we were far from any medical help. Also used in a similar manner; bouncer. All three terms are derived from actual cricket deliveries, cricket being a popular sport in the country. Hit middle stump. Also derived from cricket. Master Sahib, contracted to Ma'Sahib. The term is now however used more frequently to refer to tailors and carpenters. Drinking a cigarette/cigar. This is due to the verbs for smoking being the same as the verbs for drinking in Urdu and other Pakistani languages. Elder - used as a comparative adjective in the sense of older. The use of 'good', 'bad', 'high' and 'low' prefixed to 'gentry' is common. Words unique to (i. Many dictionaries have added this word. The word is also commonly used to mean a between- meal snack. BHK is real- estate terminology for . For instance, a 2. BHK apartment has a total of three rooms . Originated from the military term of similar meaning. Eve teasing - 'Verbal sexual harassment of women'Where are you put up? This phrase has its origins in the posting of army officers to particular 'stations' during the days of the East India Company. In American/British English, this usage is limited to graduating out of military academies. Presumably not even useful for leisure. Pindrop silence - Extreme silence (quiet enough to hear a pin drop). The word is a genericised trademark originating from the Stepney Spare Motor Wheel, itself named after Stepney Street, in Llanelli, Wales. Phrased another way, . Found in eighteenth- century British English. The use of into dates back to the fifteenth century, when it had been common in British English. Such usage was part of colloquial English language in seventeenth century Britain and America. When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 1. Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 1. Pakistani numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used: In digits (Standard English)In digits (Pakistani English)In words (Standard English)In words (Pakistani English)1. Arab. 10. 0,0. 00,0. Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above. While standard medical terminology uses jaundice for a symptom (yellow discolouration of skin), in Pakistan the term is used to refer to the illness in which this symptom is most common. Allopathy, used by homeopaths to refer to conventional medicine. Brinjal: aubergines / eggplant. Capsicum: called chili pepper, red or green pepper, or sweet pepper in the UK; capsicum in Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and India; bell pepper in the US, Canada, and the Bahamas; and paprika in some other countries. Curds: Yogurt. Sooji: Semolina. Pulses, dal: pulses, e. Retrieved on 2. 00. Hashmi, Alamgir (1. Pakistani Literature: The Contemporary English Writers. New York / Islamabad: World University Service / Gulmohar Press. PAKISTAN 6. 1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY PAKISTAN (Number of English speakers predicted to rise - 2nd Paragraph) PAGE 1. Language, Ideology and Power: Language- learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Language and Politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. In Tsui, Amy B.; Tollefson, James W. Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Language Planning in Higher Education: A Case Study of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Pakistani English: The linguistic description of a non- native variety of English. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies. Also see the OED.^dicky, dickey, n., Oxford English Dictionary, 2. Accessed on 1 July 2. BURKE Subl. Pakistani Literature (Islamabad), 2: 1 1. Crystal, David (2. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. World Englishes in Asian contexts. Hong Kong University Press. English as an Islamic Language: a case study of Pakistani English. World Englishes, 2. Link to abstract. Mahboob, A. Pakistani English: morphology and syntax. Schneider (Eds), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Africa, South and Southeast Asia (Vol. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Link to abstract. Mahboob, A. Pakistani English: phonology. Schneider (Eds), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Africa, South and Southeast Asia (Vol. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Link to abstract. Hartford, B. Models of discourse in the letter of complaint. World Englishes, 2. Link to abstract.
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Project Management for Construction: Cost Estimation. Costs. Associated with Constructed Facilities. The costs of a constructed facility. Each of these major cost categories consists of a number. The owner is interested. For example, land. The large expenditures needed. In Chapter 6, we shall deal. It is at this stage that tradeoffs between operating and capital costs. To build several projects of. A cost estimate establishes the base line. A cost. estimate at a given stage of project development represents a prediction. In microeconomics, the relationship between the. In construction, the production function may be expressed by the. A production function relates the amount or volume of. For example, the. Q may be derived as a function of various input factors. Thus, for a specified level of output, we may attempt to. In order for a contract to be formed, the parties must reach mutual assent (also called a meeting of the minds). This is typically reached through offer and an acceptance which does not vary the offer's terms, which is known as the 'mirror image rule'. Business Plans Handbook is a collection of actual business plans compiled from entrepreneurs seeking funding for small businesses throughout North America. Includes sample plans taken from businesses in the manufacturing, retail and service industries – only. The relationship between the size of a building project (expressed in. Several such production. Figure 3- 3 of Chapter 3. Empirical estimation of cost functions. The role of statistical inference is to estimate the best parameter. Usually, this is accomplished. A unit cost is assigned to each of. The. total cost is the summation of the products of the quantities multiplied by the. The unit cost method is straightforward in principle. The initial step is to break down or. Collectively, these tasks must be. Once these tasks are defined and. The level of detail in decomposing into tasks will vary considerably from. Allocations of cost from existing accounts. The basic idea in this. Ideally, the allocation of joint costs should. In. many instances, however, a causal relationship between the allocation factor and. For example, in. construction projects, the accounts for basic costs may be classified according. These basic costs may then be. The required levels of accuracy of construction cost estimates. Since design decisions made at the beginning stage of a project. Generally. the accuracy of a cost estimate will reflect the information available at the. In spite of the many types of cost. A. construction cost estimate serves one of the three basic functions: design, bid. For establishing the financing of a project, either a design. For the owner or its designated design. Screening estimates (or order of magnitude estimates). Preliminary estimates (or conceptual estimates). Detailed estimates (or definitive estimates). Engineer's estimates based on plans and specifications For each. For the contractor, a bid estimate submitted to the. The direct cost of construction for bid estimates is. For monitoring the project during. Budget estimate for financing. Budgeted cost after contracting but prior to construction. Estimated cost to completion during the progress of construction. At the very early stage. A preliminary estimate or. The detailed. estimate or definitive estimate is made when the scope of work is. The engineer's estimate is. In preparing these. The level of. detail in decomposing the facility into tasks depends on the type of cost. For conceptual estimates, for example, the level of. A screening estimate is made for each of the potential alternatives, such. As the bridge type is. When the detailed plans and specifications are completed, an. Some contractors have well established cost estimating procedures. Since only the lowest bidder will be the winner of the. Consequently, the. Thus, the general subcontractor will. If all or part of the. For example, the cost of a footing of a certain. However, the. contractor may want to assess the actual cost of construction by considering the. Hence, items such as. For the owner, a budget. Consequently, the detailed estimate is often used as the budget. As the work progresses, the. A revised estimated cost is necessary either because of change. The budgeted cost should also be updated periodically to. The. seal is constructed by pumping or pressure- injecting grout under the existing. Holes are bored at regular intervals throughout the landfill for. A layer of soil at a minimum of 5 ft. The grout liner can be between 4 and 6 feet thick. This grout would then harden into a. The quantities for these two items are. As an approximation, use 3. The number of bore holes in a 5. Hence, the total. Thus, for a 4 ft soil layer. The unit cost for drilling exploratory bore holes. Thus, the total cost of boring will be between (2,8. The unit cost of Portland cement grout pumped into. In. addition to the variation in the unit cost, the total cost of the bottom seal. That is. for a 4 ft layer with 2. The total cost of drilling bore holes. Furthermore, the range of unit cost varies. Alternatively, additional soil tests. Suppose that, in addition to ignoring the. Portland cement. grouting. In this case, the total project cost is estimated to be. An important point to note is that this screening. Example 5- 3: Example of engineer's. Bids were submitted on March. The three low. bidders were. Ball, Ball & Brosame, Inc., Danville CA$1. National Projects, Inc., Phoenix, AR$1. Kiewit Western Co., Murray, Utah$1. It was astounding that. Even the third lowest. The disparity. in pricing can be attributed either to the very conservative estimate of the. Utah Department of Transportation or to area contractors who. The similarity of their unit prices for some items and the. Costs do not. always vary linearly with respect to different facility sizes. Typically, scale. If the average cost per unit of capacity is. Conversely, scale diseconomies exist if. Empirical data are sought to establish. Then, a linear cost relationship can be expressed. In general, this relationship is applicable only. If the. values of y corresponding to x = c and x = d are known, then the cost of a. For example, the construction cost of a school building. Taking the logarithm of both sides this. Figure 5- 3: Nonlinear Cost Relationship with increasing or Decreasing. Economies of Scale. Although. no fixed cost is implied in Eq.(5. The same limitation applies to Eq.(5. A nonlinear. cost relationship often used in estimating the cost of a new industrial. Let yn be the known cost of. Qn, and y be the estimated cost of. Q. Then, from the empirical data, it can. A. value of m = 0. The exponential. rule can be reduced to a linear relationship if the logarithm of Equation (5. For (Q/Qn) = 1 or ln(Q/Qn) = 0, ln(y/yn). Q/Qn = 2 or ln(Q/Qn) = 0. Since m is the slope of the line in the figure. Q/Qn is 2. In words, for m = 0. Example. 5- 5: Cost exponents for water and wastewater treatment plants. When m is small, there is considerable incentive. Figure. 5- 3. When m is close to 1, the cost is directly proportional to the design. The value of m tends to increase as the number of duplicate units in. The values of m for several types of treatment plants with. Table 5- 3. TABLE 5- 3 Estimated Values of Cost Exponents. Water Treatment Plants. Treatment plant type. Exponent m. Capacity range (millions of gallons per day)1. Water treatment. 0. Waste treatment Primary with digestion (small)0. Primary with digestion (large)0. Trickling filter. Activated sludge. Stabilization ponds. Source: Data are collected from various sources by P. M. See the references in his article for the primary. Example 5- 6: Some Historical Cost Data for the Exponential Rule. The exponential rule as represented by Equation (5. K are known for a given type of facility, then the cost y for a proposed. Q can be readily computed. TABLE 5- 4 Cost Factors of Processing Units. Treatment Plants. Processing unit. Unit of capacity. K Value (1. 96. 8 $)m value. Liquid processing Oil separationmgd. Hydroclone degrittermgd. Primary sedimentationft. Furial clarifierft. Sludge aeration basinmil. Sludge handling Digestionft. Vacuum filterft. 29,3. Centrifugelb dry solids/hr. Source: Data are collected from various sources by P. M. See the references in his article for the primary. The estimated values of K and m for various water and sewage treatment plant. Table 5- 4. The K values are based on 1. The. range of data from which the K and m values are derived in the primary sources. For a proposed new plant with the primary sedimentation. The unit cost for. This concept is applicable to both design estimates and. The project is decomposed into major. The project is decomposed into components of. The project is decomposed into detailed items. Examples of. detailed items are slabs and beams in a floor panel, or the piping and. For bid estimates, the unit cost. Subcontractor Quotations. The decomposition of a project into. However, the accuracy of the resulting estimate depends on. The decomposition of a project into items of. The levels of detail may. If the construction procedure of a. Simple Unit Cost Formula. Suppose that a project is decomposed into n. Let Qi be the quantity of the. Then. the total cost of the project is given by. Based on characteristics of the construction site, the. Usually, an. industrial process requires several major equipment components such as furnaces. The total cost of a project is. Let Ci be the purchase cost of. Then, the total cost of a project is estimated by. The. factored method is essentially based on the principle of computing the cost of. The value of Ci may be obtained. Equation (5. 8) may involve a. Let Qi be the. quantity of work for task i, Mi be the unit material cost of task i. Ei be the unit equipment rate for task i, Li be the units. Qi, and Wi be the wage rate. Li. In this case, the total cost y is. Wi. Li yields the labor cost per unit of Qi. Consequently, the units for all terms in. Equation (5. 9) are consistent. For. a design estimate, the decomposition of the project into footings, foundation. TABLE 5- 5 Illustrative Decomposition of. Building Foundation Costs. Design elements. Contract elements. Formwork. Rebars. Concrete. Total cost. Footings$5,0. 00$1. Foundation walls. Elevator pit 9,0. Total cost$2. 9,0. Example 5- 8: Cost estimate using labor, material and equipment rates. For the given quantities of work Qi for the concrete. Table. 5- 6, the cost estimate is computed on the basis of Equation (5. The result. is tabulated in the last column of the same table. TABLE 5- 6 Illustrative Cost Estimate Using. Federal Register. Small Business Government Contracting and National Defense Authorization Act of 2. Amendments. Start Preamble. Start Printed Page 3. AGENCY: U. S. Small Business Administration. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This rule amends the U. S. Small Business Administration's (SBA or Agency) regulations to implement provisions of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2. This rule also amends SBA's regulations concerning the nonmanufacturer rule and affiliation rules. Further, this rule allows a joint venture to qualify as small for any government procurement as long as each partner to the joint venture qualifies individually as small under the size standard corresponding to the NAICS code assigned in the solicitation. DATES: This rule is effective on June 3. Start Further Info. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michael Mc. Laughlin, Office of Policy, Planning and Liaison, 4. Third Street SW., Washington, DC 2. End Further Info. End Preamble. Start Supplemental Information. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Introduction. SBA published a proposed rule regarding these changes in the Federal Register on December 2. FR 7. 79. 55), inviting the public to submit comments on or before February 2. This comment period was extended through April 6, 2. Federal Register published on March 9, 2. FR 1. 23. 53). SBA also conducted tribal consultations in Washington, DC (February 2. Catoosa, OK (April 2. Anchorage, AK (April 2. SBA accepted comments on the proposed rule. Transcripts of these consultations are in the rule docket (SBA- 2. Regulations. gov using the docket number). SBA received a total of 2. Twenty- eight comments were supportive of the rule generally without referencing specific sections of the rule. Seventeen of those generally supportive comments advocated for fast implementation of the rule. Several of these commenters suggested that SBA issue this rule as an interim final rule. Once SBA has published a proposed rule, the next step in the process is to analyze public comments and publish a final rule. Publishing an “interim final rule” after publishing a proposed rule would not expedite the process to finalize the provisions contained in the proposed rule. As such, SBA has not followed that recommendation and is publishing this rule as a final rule. Sixteen comments requested an extension of time for the submission of comments. An extension of the comment period was provided through April 6, 2. SBA believed that a further extension was not needed. Seven comments did not support the rulemaking generally and did not reference specific sections that were opposed. Some of these comments were related to regulations not subject to changes in the proposed rule and were considered outside the scope of this rulemaking. SBA's discussion below summarizes the proposed rule, the comments related to each section of the proposed rule and SBA's responses. Summary of Proposed Rule, Comments, and SBA's Responses. Procurement Center Representative Responsibilities. Section 1. 62. 1 of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2. NDAA), Public Law 1. Stat. 2. 01. 3), revised the Small Business Act regarding the responsibilities of Procurement Center Representatives (PCRs). Section 1. 62. 1 clarifies that PCRs have the ability to review barriers to small business participation in Federal contracting and to review any bundled or consolidated solicitation or contract in accordance with the Small Business Act. SBA proposed to amend 1. CFR 1. 25. 2(b)(1)(i)(A), based on the changes in Section 1. H) of the NDAA. SBA also proposed to add language to . SBA also proposed new . Sections 1. 62. 1(e) and (f) of the NDAA effectively eliminate the statutory authority for the separate BPCR role. As a result, SBA proposed to reassign the responsibilities currently held by BPCRs to PCRs. SBA also proposed to eliminate . Ten of these comments were supportive of the changes to this section. One commenter suggested that SBA clarify the proposed language in . SBA is not adopting this recommendation because the proposed language states that PCRs can review Multiple Award Contracts that are not entirely set aside for small businesses, meaning partially set- aside. Furthermore, if SBA eliminated “or part” it would indicate that PCRs cannot review Multiple Award Contracts that are entirely set aside for small businesses, which is within the PCRs responsibilities. Another commenter suggested that SBA should meet with contracting officers to assist with setting aside contracts for small businesses. It is the role of the PCR to review procurements that are not set aside for small businesses. PCRs are often located at the procuring activity and routinely interface with contracting officers regarding whether to set aside Start Printed Page 3. It is already part of their responsibilities to meet with contracting officers and discuss acquisition planning. As such, it is not necessary to adopt this suggested change. Another commenter suggested that the term “acquisition” as used in . The proposed rule directly addresses this concern by providing PCRs with the ability to advocate against consolidation or bundling of contract requirements and reviewing any justification provided for such bundling or consolidation. The same commenter also suggested that a prime contract not be awarded on a sole source basis unless the prime contractor agrees to retain its subcontractors under the previous award and incorporates the small business plan associated with the previous award. SBA does not have the authority to mandate which subcontractors a prime contractor chooses to include in a subcontracting plan or to mandate that a prime contractor incorporate a particular subcontracting plan into its offer, and therefore SBA is not adopting this suggestion. One commenter requested clarification of the language proposed in . The commenter suggests that SBA clarify what a PCR would consider as “appropriate” in the decision to recommend competition, and if such a decision is made, that contracting officers and PCRs document this decision in the contract file along with an explanation for why competition is considered more appropriate than a small business program sole source award. The language referenced by the commenter is a BPCR responsibility that SBA is transferring to PCRs due to the statute's elimination of the BPCR role. In addition, PCRs provide contracting officers with guidance on the availability of sole source and competitive options, but the contracting officer has the discretion to choose an acquisition program or method, in accordance with SBA's guidance on parity. Another commenter noted that PCRs will have to coordinate with agency officials to implement the NDAA's requirement, set forth at . The statute provides that the PCR will consult with the OSDBU. SBA understands that the PCR and OSDBU will consult with other agency officials, as necessary. However, SBA does not believe that additional clarification is necessary and therefore SBA adopts the proposed language in this final rule. Section 1. 62. 3 of the NDAA requires that each Federal department or agency provide opportunities for the participation of small business concerns during acquisition planning processes and in acquisition plans. This section also requires that each Federal department or agency invite the participation of the appropriate OSDBU Director in acquisition planning processes and provides that Director with access to acquisition plans. SBA incorporates the exact statutory text from Section 1. NDAA into 1. 3 CFR 1. Limitations on Subcontracting. Section 1. 65. 1 of the NDAA, as codified at 1. U. S. C. 6. 57s, requires that the limitations on subcontracting for full or partial small business set- aside contracts, HUBZone contracts, 8(a) BD contracts, Service- Disabled Veteran- Owned (SDVO) Small Business Concern (SBC) contracts, and WOSB and Economically Disadvantaged Women Owned Small Business (EDWOSB) contracts, be evaluated based on the percentage of the overall award amount that a prime contractor spends on its subcontractors. Significantly, the NDAA excludes from the limitations on subcontracting calculation the percentage of the award amount that the prime contractor spends on similarly situated entity subcontractors. Specifically, the NDAA deems work done by similarly situated entities not to be subcontracted work for purposes of complying with the limitations on subcontracting requirement. Thus, work done by a similarly situated entity is counted in determining whether the applicable limitation on subcontracting is met. When a contract is awarded pursuant to a small business set- aside or socioeconomic program set- aside or sole source authority, a similarly situated entity subcontractor is a small business concern subcontractor that is a participant of the same SBA program that qualified the prime contractor as an eligible offeror and awardee of the contract. Currently, SBA's regulations contain different terms for compliance with the performance of work requirements based on the type of small business program set- aside at issue. The method for calculating compliance not only varies by program set- aside type, but also based on whether the acquisition is for services, supplies, general construction, or specialty trade construction. Section 1. 65. 1 of the NDAA creates a shift from the concept of a required percentage of work to be performed by a prime contractor to the concept of limiting a percentage of the award amount to be spent on subcontractors. The goal is the same: To ensure that a certain amount of work is performed by a small business concern (SBC) that qualified for a small business program set- aside or sole source procurement due to its socioeconomic program status. Stillman College Nursing Program. 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